The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope

The LSSTwhat big eyes you have
As the wolf in Little Red Riding Hood said, all the better to see you my dear

Halfway between first brick and first light the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) is under construction in Cerro Pachón, Chile and on completion will be like no other. Its 3-ton camera will be the largest digital instrument ever built for ground-based astronomy and will take pictures fast enough to capture the entire southern sky every three nights.  According to Andy Connolly, Professor of Astronomy at the University of Washington and Team Leader for LSST Simulations, the Hubble Space Telescope would need 120 years to image an equivalent area of sky. The combination of a 3,200 mega-pixel camera sensor array, a powerful supercomputer, a sophisticated data processing and distribution network, the massive telescope promises to cast light on mysteries fundamental to our understanding of the Universe. From the distant signatures of dark energy to the dangers of near-earth asteroids and everything in between, the LSST will capture it all. Three central considerations dictated the design: that it be wide, fast, and deep. The telescope with its 8.4-metre primary mirror will take images that cover 49 times the area of the Moon in a single exposure.

The word ‘synoptic’ comes from the Greek ‘synopsis’ and refers to looking at all aspects of something. With its unprecedented collection of more than 800 panoramic images each night it will, over a decade of operations, collect tens of petabytes of data, building up the deepest and widest image of the Universe. First light is expected in 2019. Once operational everyone will be able to share in the excitement and discoveries with planned activities for education and public outreach.

My personal thanks to Prof. Matie Hoffman for the heads-up

Photo
2015-LSST llus: An artist’s concept of the LSST facilities building
Mirror: The LSST primary/tertiary mirror successfully cast, August 2008
Image Credit: Todd Mason, Mason Productions Inc. / LSST Corporation

Die Klerehanger (Coathanger)

deur Serena Ingamells
klerehangerWat kan lekkerder wees as om op die naat van jou rug na die sterre te lê en kyk behalwe miskien om onverwags jou eerste sterrebeeld (asterisma) raak te loop?

In die OOG-nuusbrief van November 2004 het Willie Koorts geskryf: Noudat die ergste winterwolke begin wyk en voordat die winter konstellasies ons verlaat is hier ‘n lekker raaisel om op te los en sommer die stof van verkykers af te skud. Die leidraad is: “Ek laat jou jas netjies pas, in jou kas! Wie is ek?

SterrekaartDie meegaande sterrekaart wys die Noord-Westelike uitsig vir die begin van November teen so 9:30 nm. wanneer dit na aan die horison is. Vroeër in die aand en vroeër in die jaar, sit dit hoër sit. Met die blote oog kyk Noord-Wes en soek Altair, die helderste ster in daardie rigting. Vergelyk wat jy sien met die sterrekaart en oriënteer jouself op Delphinius (die dolfyn) en Sagitta (die pyltjie). Gebruik nou jou verkyker en volg die blou lyn vir omtrent drie verkykervelde langs weerskante van Altair soos aangedui. Net as jy by Sagitta verbybeweeg sal jy die antwoord op die raaisel raaksien!

Aangespoor deur hierdie uitdaging het ek een onvergeetlike aand in die Pilanesberg Nasionale Park my soektog begin. Eers ‘n bietjie by Cygnus (die swan) met die interessante veelkeurige ster Alberio gekuier en toe opwaarts verby Deneb na Delphinus, Aquila en Altair. Van hier was Sagitta maklik om te vind en toe skielik verskyn die “Klerehanger” in my gesigsveld – ‘n klein juweel en die enigste asterisma wat ‘regop’ vir ons in die suidelik halfrond voorkom. Die Klerehanger (Collinder 399) staan ook bekend as ‘Brocchi’s cluster” maar dis nie ‘n ware swerm nie, bloot ‘n toevallige samekoms van sterre wat geen fisiese verbintenis met mekaar het nie. Dit bestaan uit 6 sterre wat die staaf vorm en 4 die hak en is vir die eerste keer in 964 deur die Persiese sterrekundige Al Sufi beskryf.

Magda Brits Streicher: Diva van sterrebeelde in Suid Afrika

Magda Brits Streicher:  Diva van sterrebeelde in Suid Afrika

Magda Brits Streicher, die Diva van sterrebeelde in Suid-Afrika (en miskien in die wêreld) wat reeds 109 op haar kerfstok het, gebruik die mooi woord “sterstring” om hierdie verskynsel te beskryf. In 2007 het sy geskryf: “My gedagtes rondom sterstring soektog is om ‘n verrassing te vind om elke draai en dit is so heerlik om so ‘n sterstring met karakter in woorde om te sit”. Vir menige jare het sy bydraes aan die OOG-nuusbrief gemaak. Hierdie sterstorie word met groot dank en lof aan Magda opgedra.

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap081223.html

Fact vs Fiction

by Serena Ingamells
Sci-Fi booksI always thought one was either a sci-fi lover or not but over the last 50 years the border has become so blurred I believe most stargazers have at least one foot in the sci-fi camp.

Jules Verne started writing his stories in the 19th century and predicted that we would put three men on the Moon in a spaceship called Columbia – 104 years later NASA did just that – well more or less. Add the stories of Mark Twain, Isaac Asimov and Arthur C. Clark and you will find the key to much of what we see today: radar, the atomic bomb, the Internet, flat screen TV and the Ipad. For fun don’t omit to dip into Douglas Adam’s “Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy”. He was not only the inventor of the Pan Galactic Gargle Blaster but also said: “Nothing travels faster than the speed of light, with the possible exception of bad news, which obeys its own special laws”.

In truth good science fiction is based on good science. Most of the writers have sound academic training which illuminates the way for the scientific community.

Watch “When Science Fiction becomes Science Fact” on PBS
http://www.pbs.org/video/2365687087/

Known as the ‘man who invented tomorrow’, H. G. Wells, a trained botanist, is generally regarded as the father of science fiction. In 1938 a radio adaptation by the Columbia Broadcasting System in the USA of “War of the Worlds”, depicting an invasion of Earth by Martians, was so realistic it caused widespread panic amongst the public.

Eventually Hollywood entered the arena and a whole new world opened for the enthusiast. Top of my list is “The Martian” which tells the story of an astronaut who is left stranded on Mars after his team assume him dead. With basic science one can follow the story without much trouble (…. may his rest be calm and placid he added water to the acid etc, etc). Together with “Gravity”, “The Europa Report” and “Interstellar” you have grand viewing during the cold winter months.

For added reading pleasure:

“Contact” (Simon & Schuster 1985) by Carl Sagan

“Leviathan Wakes” (Orbit, 2011) and the other books in “The Expanse” series by James S.A. Corey

“Aurora” (Orbit, 2015) by Kim Stanley Robinson

“The Martian Chronicles” (Doubleday, 1951) by Ray Bradbury

“Dune” (Chilton books, 1965) by Frank Herbert

Op Pad na M4

deur Serena Ingamells
M4-Dieter WillaschM4_M19_M62_M80_Finder_ChartDie identifikasie van my eerste diepruimvoorwerp het tydens ʼn besondere bustoer na Sutherland plaasgevind. Ek was omring deur OOG-vriende wat die NGC (New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars) en Messier-nommers vir brekfis eet, maar vir my was alles nog vreemd en verborge.

Mens moet nogal murg in jou pype hê om Sutherland in die winter te besoek. Dis bibberend koud en daar kan sneeu wees maar as die weer mooi is kry mens ʼn kristalhelder naghemel en die voorreg om die Scorpius-skatte van nader te bekyk. Op die eerste aand is teleskope opgestel en ons het probeer om rigting onder die magdom sterre te kry. Ek het begin rondtrippel van koue en opwinding. Die wonder van die uitspansel was oorweldigend. Met Antares as fokuspunt het ek stadig met my verkyker (10×42) die veld verken ….

En daar, net 1.3 grade wes van Antares, was M4 (ook bekend as NGC 6121). Nie een van die grooste bolvormige sterswems nie maar een van die naastes -7,200 ligjare. Die komeetjagter, Messier, was die eerste persoon om op 8 Mei 1764 individuele sterre in die swerm uit te pluis. William Herschel kon slegs 20 jaar later met een van sy groot teleskope die sterre in al die bolvormige sterswerms op Messier se lys uitken. Met ʼn skitterskaal van 5.6 kan dit onder ideale omstandighede met die blote oog gesien word, maar met die hulp van ʼn teleskoop kan ʼn sentrale staafstruktuur met magnitude 11 sterre geïdentifiseer word. As dit nie vir die donker wolke van sterrematerie was nie sou M4 op meer mense se top tien lys verskyn. Weens die absorpsie van lig deur ons atmosfeer vertoon M4 effe oranje/bruin. Dit bevat 43 veranderlike sterre en die eerste millisekonde pulsar (1821-24) wat in 1987 ontdek is. Dis 10 keer vinniger as die pulsar in die Krap (M1). Om die storie te voltooi moet ek byvoeg dat ʼn tweede millisekonde pulsar is dieselfde jaar in M28 gevind is.

Deur die jare het M4 meer juwele onthul: In Augustus 1995 het die Hubble-teleskoop ʼn foto van ʼn witdwerg afgeneem, een van die oudste sterre in die Heelal. In Julie 2003 is ʼn planeet met ʼn massa 2½ keer die van Jupiter ontdek. Daar word gereken dat dit so oud soos M4 is, wat deesdae op 13 duisend miljoen (miljard) jaar beraam word – amper drie keer die ouderdom van ons sonnestelsel.

Wees versigtig wanneer julle M4 Google – julle kan tussen sportmotors of vuurwapens beland. Die ware M4 is geregtig op applous, groot applous. Dis maklik om te vind en nou die tyd om die juweel van nader te bekyk.

Die foto van M4 is deur Dieter Willasch, ʼn goeie vriend van OOG, op 5 April 2011 vanaf IAS Hakosplaas in Namibië geneem.